In Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Bd. of Educ. (402 U.S. 1, 5 [1971]), the Court sought "to review important issues as to the duties of school authorities and the scope of powers of federal courts under this Court's mandate [as set forth in Brown v. Board of Educ. (347 US 483 [1954])] to eliminate racially separate public schools established and maintained by state action." The Court held that: "School authorities are traditionally charged with broad power to formulate and implement educational policy and might well conclude, for example, that in order to prepare students to live in a pluralistic society each school should have a prescribed ratio of Negro to white students reflecting the proportion for the district as a whole. To do this as an educational policy is within the broad discretionary powers of school authorities." (Swann at 16.)