In United States v. Calandra, 414 U.S. 338, 38 L. Ed. 2d 561, 94 S. Ct. 613 (1974) the Court held that a witness summoned to appear before a grand jury may not refuse to answer questions on the ground that the questions were based on evidence derived from an unreasonable search or seizure. Justice Powell's opinion for the majority explained the "broad deterrent purpose" of the exclusionary rule and concluded that "the rule is a judicially created remedy designed to safeguard Fourth Amendment rights generally through its deterrent effect, rather than a personal constitutional right of the party aggrieved." Id.