In University of California Regents v. Bakke (1978), 438 U.S. 265, the two major aims of the university's special admission program in Bakke were "to integrate the student body and to improve medical care for minorities." ( Bakke, supra , at p. 53.) The California Bakke decision assumed that those two objective "met the exacting standards required to uphold the validity of a racial classification insofar as they establish a compelling governmental interest ." (Italics added; ibid .) The basis for the decision was on an entirely different ground: "Nevertheless, we are not convinced that the University has met its burden of demonstrating that the basic goals of the program cannot be substantially achieved by means less detrimental to the rights of the majority." (Ibid .) In Bakke the California Supreme Court explained: "We observe and emphasize in this connection that the University is not required to choose between a racially neutral admission standard applied strictly according to grade point averages and test scores, and a standard which accords preference to minorities because of their race. "While minority applicants may have lower grade point averages and test scores than others, we are aware of no rule of law which requires the University to afford determinative weight in admissions to these quantitative factors. In practice, colleges and universities generally consider matters other than strict numerical ranking in admissions decisions. (O'Neil, Preferential Admissions: Equalizing the Access of Minority Groups to Higher Education (1971) 80 Yale L.J. 699, 701-705.) The University is entitled to consider, as it does with respect to applicants in the special program, that low grades and test scores may not accurately reflect the abilities of some disadvantaged students; and it may reasonably conclude that although their academic scores are lower, their potential for success in the school and the profession is equal to or greater than that of an applicant with higher grades who has not been similarly handicapped." ( Bakke, supra , at p. 54.)