In Whren v. U.S. (1996) 517 U.S. 806, the United States Supreme Court reaffirmed the rule an officer's subjective motives are irrelevant so long as the detention is objectively reasonable under the Fourth Amendment. (Id. at pp. 809-813.) The court confirmed that several of its earlier decisions "foreclose any argument that the constitutional reasonableness of traffic stops depends on the actual motivations of the individual officers involved. . . . Subjective intentions play no role in ordinary, probable-cause Fourth Amendment analysis." ( Id. at p. 813)