Keating v. Philip Morris, Inc., 417 N.W.2d 132, 138 (Minn. Ct. App. 1987) was a price-fixing antitrust case brought by cigarette retailers. 417 N.W.2d at 133-34. The court affirmed the denial of certification of a statewide class of cigarette retailers. Id. at 137-38. The court held that evidence of the distribution and pricing of cigarettes required proof of injury and damages on an individualized basis. Id. at 134, 137. More particularly, in discussing the wholesale cigarette market, the court was concerned that each retailer would have to establish the price paid on each purchase under circumstances of widespread wholesaler use of nonuniform, as well as non-cash discounts. Id. at 137. The court noted the trial court's determination that "any determination of fact or amount of individual damage will require thousands of factual examinations done on a retailer by retailer basis, and a transaction by transaction basis. The class action would quickly degenerate into thousands and thousands of individual trials." Id. The court determined that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying certification on both predominance and superiority (specifically, manageability) grounds. Id. at 136-38.