In Wood v. Abbot Laboratories, No. 96-512561-CZ, 1997 WL 824019 (Mich. Cir. Ct. Sept. 11, 1997) (unpublished opinion and order), a pharmaceutical price-fixing case, the court denied certification to indirect consumer purchasers of drugs. Citing Michigan's statute permitting an indirect purchaser to recover only actual damages, the court held that the plaintiffs failed to "provide a method for calculating each class member's actual damages and thus calculation of injury and actual damages would require examination of the drugs each class member purchased rendering the class unmanageable." Id. at 2. As to the plaintiffs' expert's methodologies and opinion, and rejecting those theories that provided "at best a method for calculating the existence of injury and damage on a class-wide basis," the court continued: [the expert's] theories do not provide a method for calculating each class member's actual damages and thus calculation of injury and actual damages would require examination of the drugs each class member purchased from which retailer, the discounts applicable to each retailer for each drug at the time of purchase, and other relevant factors, resulting in thousands of mini-trials and rendering the class unmanageable. For this reason, other jurisdictions to consider this issue have denied certification to the class of indirect purchasers of brand name prescription drugs. Id. The court found "that individual questions of fact as to both injury and damages predominate over the one theory common to the class, that being the existence of the alleged conspiracy, and that these individual questions render the case unmanageable as a class action." Id. at 3.