Rule 12 c motion for judgment on the pleadings: Under N.D.R.Civ.P. 12(c), when the court considers matters outside the pleadings in resolving a motion for judgment on the pleadings, the motion shall be treated as one for summary judgment and disposed of under N.D.R.Civ.P. 56. Wishnatsky v. Huey, 1997 ND 35, P12, 560 N.W.2d 878. However, federal courts have held that a trial court, in deciding a Rule 12 motion for judgment on the pleadings, may consider, in addition to the pleadings, materials embraced by the pleadings and materials that are part of the public record, without converting the motion to a summary judgment under Rule 56. See, e.g., In re K-tel Int'l, Inc. Sec. Litig., 300 F.3d 881, 889 (8th Cir. 2002); Carlson v. Arrowhead Concrete Works, Inc., 375 F. Supp. 2d 835, 838 (D. Minn. 2005). When a plaintiff chooses not to attach to the complaint, or incorporate by reference, a document upon which the plaintiff relies, and the document is integral to the complaint, the defendant may produce the document in support of a motion to dismiss on the pleadings. Jakobe v. Rawlings Sporting Goods Co., 943 F. Supp. 1143, 1149 (E.D. Mo. 1996); Brogren v. Pohlad, 933 F. Supp. 793, 798 (D. Minn. 1995). In deciding a Rule 12 motion, the court can consider a document upon which the complaint is based, without treating the motion as a Rule 56 motion, because a plaintiff "ought not be permitted to defeat a motion to dismiss through the artifice of not attaching the critical document to the complaint." Brogren, 933 F. Supp. at 798.