Sandin v. Conner

In Sandin v. Conner, 515 U.S. 472, (1995), the United States Supreme Court refocused its analysis of whether prison regulations give rise to enforceable rights. The Court shifted the focus of the liberty interest inquiry from the language of the particular regulation to the nature of the deprivation. Id. at 481-84. In Sandin, the Court considered whether liberty interests were created by prison regulations relating to disciplinary confinement. The Court determined that a state-created liberty interest could arise only when a prison's action imposed an "atypical and significant hardship on the inmate in relation to the ordinary incidents of prison life." Id. at 484. The Court went on to point out that the punishment of incarcerated prisoners serves the aim of effectuating prison management and prisoner rehabilitative goals and that discipline by prison officials in response to misconduct is within the expected parameters of the prisoner's sentence. The Court found that the prisoner's placement in segregated confinement did not present the type of atypical, significant deprivation in which a state might conceivably create a liberty interest. The United States Supreme Court wrote "the search for a negative implication from mandatory language in prisoner regulations has strayed from the real concerns undergirding the liberty protected by the Due Process Clause." Id. at 483. In Sandin, the Court wanted statutory due process liberty interests to "be generally limited to freedom from restraint which, while not exceeding the sentence in such an unexpected manner as to give rise to protection by the Due Process Clause of its own force . . . nonetheless imposes atypical and significant hardship on the inmate in relation to the ordinary incidents of prison life." Id. at 484. Thus, Sandin precludes prisoners from claiming a statutory or regulatory due process liberty interest with respect to a variety of relatively minor matters in the institutional setting. In Sandin, the United States Supreme Court held that liberty interests are not created by negative implications from mandatory language in prison regulations. Rather, to create a liberty interest, the action taken must be an atypical and significant deprivation from the normal incidents of prison life. Sandin, 515 U.S. at 484. The United States Supreme Court set out the standard by which to evaluate whether alleged liberty interests are protected by the Due Process Clause, and, thus, entitled to the procedural protections outlined in Wolff v. McDonnell: "The time has come to return to the due process principles we believe were correctly established and applied in Wolff and Meachum v. Fano, 427 U.S. 215 (1976). Following Wolff, we recognize that States may under certain circumstances create liberty interests which are protected by the Due Process Clause. But these interests will be generally limited to freedom from restraint which, while not exceeding the sentence in such an unexpected manner as to give rise to protection by the Due Process Clause of its own force, nonetheless imposes atypical and significant hardship on the inmate in relation to the ordinary incidents of prison life." (Sandin, 515 U.S. at 483-84.) The United States Supreme Court held that whether a prisoner possesses a liberty interest entitling him to due process in prison disciplinary proceedings depends upon the nature of the deprivation at stake. The Court concluded that a liberty interest sufficient to implicate the Due Process Clause will generally be limited to circumstances where the disciplinary action "imposes atypical and significant hardship on the inmate in relation to the ordinary incidents of prison life." Id. at 484. The Court in Sandin also addressed whether, considering the applicable state laws governing parole, the potential effect of the disciplinary action on the inmate's parole prospects afforded the inmate a liberty interest entitling the inmate to due process protections in the disciplinary proceedings. The Court held that it did not, explaining: "Nothing in Hawaii's code requires the parole board to deny parole in the face of a misconduct record or to grant parole in its absence, even though misconduct is by regulation a relevant consideration. The decision to release a prisoner rests on a myriad of considerations. And, the prisoner is afforded procedural protection at his parole hearing in order to explain the circumstances behind his misconduct record. The chance that a finding of misconduct will alter the balance is simply too attenuated to invoke the procedural guarantees of the Due Process Clause." Sandin, at 487 .