In Voorhees v. Bank of the United States (1836) 35 U.S. 449, a sale of land had been made on execution in Ohio, and the proceedings had been returned to and confirmed by the court. Although there were many admitted defects, the sale was held good. In that case, in response to a challenge to the judicial sale of property, the Court held that the completed sale was not subject to collateral attack because the sale was conducted by a court of "competent jurisdiction of the parties [and] the subject matter, with authority to use the process it has issued. . . ." (Id. at 474.) The Court continued: The errors of the court do not impair [the proceedings'] validity: binding till reversed, any objection to their full effect, must go to the authority under which they have been conducted. If not warranted by the constitution or law of the land, our most solemn proceedings can confer no right which is denied to any judicial act under colour of law . . . . Id. If there is such a "`want of jurisdiction, the proceedings are void and a mere nullity, and confer no right . . . and may be rejected when collaterally drawn into question.'" (Id. at 477.) Voorhees appears to allow a collateral attack on a jurisdictionally void sale, but does not address an attack on direct review. The Supreme Court said: "When the proceedings are collaterally drawn in question, and it appears on the face of them that the subject-matter was within the jurisdiction of the court, they are voidable only. The errors and irregularities, if any exist, are to be corrected by some direct proceeding, either before the same court that set them aside, or in an appellate court." Mr. Justice Baldwin said: "If not warranted by the Constitution or law of the land, our most solemn proceedings can confer no right which is denied to any judicial act under color of law, which can properly be deemed to have been done coram non judice; that is, by persons assuming the judicial function in the given case without lawful authority." The Court said: "The line which separates error in judgment from the usurpation of power is very definite; and is precisely that which denotes the cases where a judgment or decree is reversible only by an appellate court, or may be declared a nullity collaterally when it is offered in evidence in an action concerning the matter adjudicated, or purporting to have been so. In the one case, it is a record importing absolute verity; in the other, mere waste paper. There can be no middle character assigned to judicial proceedings which are irreversible for error. Such is their effect between the parties to the suit; and such are the immunities which the law affords to a plaintiff who has obtained an erroneous judgment or execution. It would be a well-merited reproach to our jurisprudence if an innocent purchaser, no party to the suit, who had paid his money on the faith of an order of a court, should not have the same protection under an erroneous proceeding as the party who derived the benefit accruing from it."